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Logaritmo matricial: definición, fórmula, ejemplos y errores comunes
The matrix logarithm \(\log(A)\) is a key matrix function frequently used in matrix equations, differential equations, control theory, quantum computing, and more. This guide explains its definition, examples, common pitfalls, and offers practice questions.
1. Definición del logaritmo matricial
For a square matrix \(A\), a matrix logarithm is any matrix \(X\) such that:
\[ e^X = A \]
If \(A\) has no eigenvalues on the non-positive real line, we may define the principal matrix logarithm using its infinite series:
\[ \log(A) = (A-I) - \frac{(A-I)^2}{2} + \frac{(A-I)^3}{3} - \cdots \]
Para una matriz que puede diagonalizarse:
\[ A = P D P^{-1} \quad \Rightarrow \quad \log(A) = P \log(D) P^{-1} \]
Where \(\log(D)\) is computed by taking the logarithm of the diagonal entries.
2. Ejemplos resueltos
Ejemplo 1 (con pista de entrada)
Introduce esta matriz en la calculadora:
e 0
0 e
Let
\[ A = \begin{bmatrix} e & 0 \\ 0 & e \end{bmatrix} \]
Since this matrix is diagonal and each entry equals \(e\):
\[ \log(A) = \begin{bmatrix} \log(e) & 0 \\ 0 & \log(e) \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \]
Ejemplo 2 (con pista de entrada)
Introduce esta matriz en la calculadora:
1 1
0 1
Let
\[ A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \]
Esta matriz no es diagonal. Usa la serie de Taylor:
\[ A - I = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \]
Notice:
\[ (A - I)^2 = 0 \]
Thus the series becomes:
\[ \log(A) = A - I = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \]
3. Errores comunes que se deben evitar
- Mistake 1: Assuming every matrix has a real logarithm. A real-valued logarithm does not always exist.
- Mistake 2: Applying logarithm element-wise. \[ \log(A) \ne \begin{bmatrix} \log(a_{11}) & \log(a_{12}) \\ \cdots \end{bmatrix} \]
- Mistake 3: Forgetting that multiple matrix logarithms can exist. Only one is the principal logarithm.
- Mistake 4: Truncating the Taylor expansion too early.
- Mistake 5: Not checking eigenvalues. The principal logarithm does not exist if eigenvalues lie on the non-positive real axis.
4. Problemas de práctica
Intenta calcular el logaritmo matricial de las siguientes matrices.
Ejercicio 1
\[ A = \begin{bmatrix} e^2 & 0 \\ 0 & e^3 \end{bmatrix} \]
Mostrar respuesta
Esta matriz es diagonal:
\[ \log(A) = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 3 \end{bmatrix} \]
Ejercicio 2
\[ A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \]
Mostrar respuesta
\[ A - I = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \Rightarrow (A - I)^2 = 0 \]
\[ \log(A) = A - I = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \]
Ejercicio 3
\[ A = \begin{bmatrix} 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 9 \end{bmatrix} \]
Mostrar respuesta
Matriz diagonal:
\[ \log(A) = \begin{bmatrix} \log(4) & 0 \\ 0 & \log(9) \end{bmatrix} \]
Ejercicio 4
\[ A = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 \end{bmatrix} \]
Mostrar respuesta
\[ A - I = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \] \[ (A - I)^2 = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \]
\[ \log(A) \approx (A - I) - \frac{(A - I)^2}{2} \]
\[ \log(A) \approx \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} - \frac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0.5 & 0 \\ 0 & 0.5 \end{bmatrix} \]
Los logaritmos matriciales se estudian con más facilidad cuando se combinan con el rango de una matriz, la SVD y la reducción por filas.
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